Thanks for the suggestions Murdersquish. I made a new map and set the time and destroy factors to 0 so the evolution does not naturally increase. The behaviour is the same as before, both capsule types multiply evolution by 0.66. I do not see how the rate of evolution would affect my original test results in a significant way. If I understand correctly, you are saying that the rate of change decreases for higher evolution values. My objective was only to determine if the biter virus decreased evolution at all. My tests showed that the biter virus did decrease evolution by some amount in a new map with all my mods enabled, which is the intended behaviour. However, in my problematic save, the biter virus does not affect evolution at all.
I did some more testing today using the command you shared and some ideas I had.
I found an old save file of my map from before installing Rampant. I tested the biter virus and found it worked as intended on that map. Then I tested on a newer save file that added Rampant. The biter virus still worked.
I did another test where I made a new map with all my mods enabled, then disabled Rampant and reloaded the map. Doing this made the enemies despawn and the biter virus no longer decreased evolution. However, once I walked enough for the game to spawn more enemies, the biter virus worked again.
I tried this same method on my problematic map. I disabled Rampant then loaded the save, causing all enemies in visible chunks to disappear. Then I walked far enough to spawn more enemies. The biter virus still did not work.
I went back to the earlier save file that had Rampant but still worked with biter virus. This time I threw several capsules, measuring evolution after each throw. If a capsule made enemies disappear, then evolution decreased. However, some enemies were "immune" to the virus and did not despawn. If I threw a capsule and did not see any enemies despawn, that's when evolution did not decrease. I walked around a bit to find new nests and threw another capsule. Sometimes, the enemies were immune and sometimes not, and likewise sometimes the evolution decreased. When I try this procedure on my latest save, all enemies seem to be immune and the biter virus has no effect other than the poison.
This is probably all obvious information since the biter virus is coded to make enemies disappear and decrease evolution, so if one thing does not happen then neither would the other. I think I am okay with only using creep virus to keep evolution in check. It's arguably easier to make than biter virus.