Hi! Thanks a lot for looking into this! In my case, it was the https://mods.factorio.com/mod/ZombieHordeFaction mod, they killed off the biters and so there were none left to start attacks via the ERM mechanics.
I thought Zombies were "friends" to Biters, there's an option that puts them into the "enemy" force instead of their own "zombie" force. However, I discovered that setting too late, so I turned it on while already many hours into my game. Zombies placed until then kept their "zombie" force, and thus, killed off Biters ("enemy" force).
As heyqule told me, when new chunks are discovered, Biters turned up there eventually again. New Zombies discovered in the new chunks are indeed of the "enemy" force and hang out with their Zombie friends and have some tea, until my artillery shells rain down on them, then they join in an attack.
Edit: Told the Zombies mod, but I don't think it's really a "bug" over there: https://mods.factorio.com/mod/ZombieHordeFaction/discussion/6922db6532b4745b33862587