There's two methods of adding an image (both produce the exact same HTML code when rendered).
Note that unlike some software that uses a similar-looking syntax, mods.factorio.com does not support any kind of image styling or resizing.
Also note that mods.factorio.com does not support alt text. Fuck people in general I suppose...

1. Inline
Useful for images used just once.

2. Referenced
Useful for images used multiple times.
Choose a unique identifier (such as "best image id ever" in the example below) and include this line anywhere in the summary/post/document:
[best image id ever]: https://assets-mod.factorio.com/assets/01fbf8db508679ea6a65ea53d47bc166807ada4c.png
Then whenever you want to display the image:
![][best image id ever]
The id you choose ("best image id ever") is never used in the resulting HTML code.