All of the commenters above are basically correct. I think retaining the other planets and space could be done, without actually breaking the mod in any way.
For instance, I would love to make Nauvis a hard, nearly deathworld experience, with tough enemies. I would need to research and utilize different weapons and tactics on Nauvis since it now has Gleba enemies and Demolishers. This is my biggest issue with Space Age right now, since Nauvis bugs are just worthless against all the new Tech and weapons by themselves.
That said, finding exotic resources like calcite or fruits would be hard, since I'd make those resources sparse. So I would still need to invest in other planets like Fulgora/Vulcanus etc, but I wouldn't be mandatory locked to them for the main research gate.
The idea is to make Nauvis the pivot planet, the main HUB, and use other planets as resource-colonies (I swear I just heard the english anthem in my head wth).
This would retain all of the Space Age content while at the same time centralizing the gameplay to be more Nauvis-focused.