I ran a test. As soon as I set the train in motion, the items fell out, though I suspect this was just a save-related glitch (since I saved right after the error occurred). When the train stopped, the items stayed in place. When I sent it to random locations on my rail network, the items didn't fall out.
I was also able to load items manually, although the slots remained locked (with the items inside) after loading. I sent that train off as well; upon arrival at the destination, the items were no longer locked, and everything returned to normal once it got back to the logistics station.
Another point: when using the logistics wagon at a station that wasn't an outpost, I couldn't leave robots there—all the robots that had arrived with the train returned with it (I had wanted to leave some behind), though this isn't a problem. I decided to solve this by adding a standard wagon to the train, creating a mixed setup with two logistics wagons and one standard wagon. This way, I can use the logistics wagons to unload items from the standard wagon and use the standard wagon to transport the extra robots to the outpost.
It's working exactly as I wanted. Thanks for the mod.