Hi Co5teL, thanks for input. I felt I didn't really have the energy for it, but then decided, to heck with it! Let me give you an answer:
In order for there to be any movement of air at all, there has to be an energy source that can heat up the atmosphere. In the case of Earth's surface, about 99,97% of the energy comes from the sun (initially in the form of broad spectrum light), and about 0,03% from residual heat + nuclear decay of heavy elements in the core. So the main source of energy, by far, is sunlight.
Much of the sunlight and re-radiated heat from the surface is absorbed by the atmosphere (depending on its thickness and composition), which consequently heats it up (the molecules move and collide against each other faster). Due to the spherical shape of a planet, as well as its irregular terrain features, differences in temperature arise, which creates uneven, vertical movement of air and thus differences in pressure. And from that, wind is produced, which wind turbines can harness for energy. So wind power is just an indirect way of harnessing the energy of sunlight - one that requires an atmosphere.
This is where you misunderstand things: Atmospheric pressure by itself does nothing. It is not a source of energy and it does not produce any force. There has to be pressure differentials across the surface, to move air from one location to another! The amount of energy that can be harnessed by wind turbines does depend on global atmospheric pressure as well, since the energy of sunlight must be captured by the atmosphere and then converted into the movement of air; but this movement derives from sunlight, because sunlight is the source of energy. No sunlight = no wind.
As I more or less wrote, I did think about taking both solar irradiation AND atmospheric pressure into consideration when calculating the power output of the turbines; but it seems too complicated for me to model, and this level of realism doesn't even seem appropriate for Factorio, in my estimation. So I merely set boundaries on the required surface pressure and let the output scale with surface solar energy.
On a side note, I have also thought about making the power output variable in a way that differs from solar panels (e.g. making it peak in the afternoon or evening like it often does in real life), but I am not sure I can write reliable and performant code for that, and I personally don't feel it is essential to the mod. We will have to see if I ever create an option for that.
I hope you find my answer helpful!