Rechecking this issue today and with the most current forms of the mods the surface conditions that restrict the crushing recipes are different but still prevent crushing carbonic asteroids on cerys. Curiously this is not an issue with just cerys or just crushing industry only when the two are combined.
Note, in the previous comment I mention that I tested for other mod interactions by limiting my mods only to these two (and the respective dependencies) where the problem exists with CI and not without. Seemed like a reasonable starting point to mention to CI since that mods introduction created the surface conditions onto the recipes. Very weird that the existence of CI changes how cerys modifies existing recipes surface conditions.
As for other carbon creation options we do have four available in the base cerys+CI giving us two crushing options which are oddly not available on the cerys surface, you have spoilage to carbon (no spoilage available on the surface and can't drop items to the surface until utility science hence the need for carbon > lubricant recipe) and coal + sulfuric acid to carbon which has a similar problem as the spoilage to carbon since no coal exists on cerys. The moons existing crushers clearly hint towards the solution of using the passing asteroids. Now even without any additional mods you can work around this problem and limp to getting resources dropped in and with other mods people very likely have a variety of ways to circumvent asteroid crushing weirdness. It just feels really weird that the existing crushers can exist in state where they only have access to the asteroid rerolling recipes (when using Cerys 2.13.8, SA 2.0.47 and CI 0.41) or like todays situation where they can access all the asteroid recipes excepts for carbonic crushing (when using Cerys 2.16.11, SA 2.0.55 and CI 0.43).