it looks like that structure_patch is a new optional property included with .18. The error, according to the factorio common error faq, indicates this property is being called with a 0 (null) value but it cannot be, it should always have some value. I guess? I'm not a lua modder, but I spend my free(non-factorio) time debugging other code. Anyway, I don't know the exact syntax/structure to fix this property and leave it included but I was able to adjust my own bpproxies.lua which let me start my game with BeltLayer enabled. The belts I had placed already are still working, so this should be a decent temp work around until the actual issue is resolved. On to my "fix".
In bpproxies.lua (i use Notepad ++) i did a find all in current document, searching for structure_patch. That returned 3 hits. I removed the reference from the "local function" (line 126) and "proxy_proto.sprites" (line 154) and then commented out (added -- at the start) to line 137 "deepcopy (structure_patch)..."
Saved that and replaced it in the zip file then relaunched factorio with BeltLayer enabled. Game loaded normally. Hope that helps.