Hi, I am also looking into this. I think I can confirm that asteroid chunks only deal damage when they hit a foundation tile, and then it damages whatever's on top.
I wanted to add something like this too and my solution is to make only the central tile require a foundation. So it's still cheaper on foundation, and at least some of it can get bodied by asteroids. I don't know, maybe they're so thin they phase right through the asteroids without touching them ...
(What a good kitbash for the sprite! I took your idea and redid the sprite a little differently :] )