In Vanilla Factorio normal chests (wooden chest, iron chests, steel chests) do not allow item filtering. Thus first of all you need the mod https://mods.factorio.com/mod/FilterChests

Now that you CAN filter slots for specific items, the current mod allows you to shift-left-click an assembler/furnace and the shift-right-click a chest to set the chests inventory item filters according to the ingredients of the assembler/furnace. All other slots are marked red and thus get blocked.