The Biters are definitively be able to work around your defenses and hit you in the back, correct?
Probably not as much as you think, but to a limited degree yes.
Biters groups can be generated from nests outside of pollution?
Yes, the raid and siege states allow for attacks outside pollution. Migration state can also have wandering parties which may appear as attack, but they are just trying to build a new nest.
They accumulate biters for several attacks worth, then send them over the course of a day or two until they have depleted their pool of attackers, then they accumulate again?
The AI accumulates credits to spend on biter squads, nest upgrades, worm upgrades, and faction upgrades. When in a combat state will spend credits until they can no longer purchase more units or the ai state changes to a non combat state.
The lull you are experiencing are the non combat states.
Bitters like to attack where defenses are weak? Or at least, even if they can suicide themselves against strong defenses, they also perceive weaknesses and hit for them?
There isn't any explicit code that I've written that causes them to target weak defenses. Biter squads have a chance to be suicide squads when formed, so they don't care about weak, strong, or death. Also anytime a squad merges or retreats there is a chance they switch to a suicide squad.
How in general do nest manage to form up their attack parties? In vanilla, outside of expansion parties, which are weak, then they only generate biters if the nest is in pollution, but in Rampant this seems to be far from true. I have been hit by nests that are well outside the pollution cloud, sometime as far as 6-8 chunks away from my most distant outpost.
The easiest way to think about which nests are active is another type of pollution, which is called pheromone in this case, that the player buildings give off. If a nest has enough pheromone on the chunk that the nest is on then they can form attack waves. Each type of player building has a certain amount of pheromone it gives off.
The size of attack waves should scale with evolution factor.
At the moment, there is not a mega attack.
Let me know if this answers your questions.