Hi - thanks for the quick response.
I started a new game with all other mods turned off, and also by loading various previous versions of your mod (and also NPBees "original" going back to version 16.30 IIRC). All the versions I tested have the same issue.
I'm wondering if it's something to do with the PNG itself, since, as you point out, Factorio would exit if it couldn't find the file.
It's as if the entire PNG is just a transparent image.
For example, I created an Apiary, and Factorio will render the Vertical (n-apiary-v2.png) entity on the map, but not when rotated horizontally (it just disappears, but I can still place the building).
All the building entities are affected (both as icons in the build menu, and also as buildings on the map, when placed and as ghosts). All the larvae are also affected. The "bee" icons are all fine.
I was playing on a Mac laptop, factorio version 16.36.