Trains and spaceships, primarily. I play Space Exploration and use it in space, but here is a vanilla example:
Suppose you have a mall that needs all sorts of different resources to produce all factory buildings in the game. Suppose you want to supply it with not just iron and copper, but also electronic circuits, processors, low density structures and so on.
This mod allows to supply the mall with all complex resources using a single train.
1. A simple combinator logic calculates how much of each resource is required (really, what resources are missing in the mall and how much)
2. This information is written on a memory card and put into the first train wagon
3. The train departs on a jorney to visit every train stop that produces intermediate resources. For example, there is a circuit production factory with a train stop. When the train visits the stop, the memory card is pulled out of the wagon and inserted into a card reader. The inserters then insert only as much circuits as required and the memory card is return to the train. The train departs for the next provider stop.
4. At the end, the train arrives into the mall and contains only the items that are required by the mall and unloads everything into provider chests. The memory card is removed, and when there is a shortage of resources the cycle repeats.
There is no need for a big railway station with a unique train stop for each imported resource, and everything is done by a single train.