Just an update: The mod now seems to work fine, but there are some things I still want to improve.
There are some very weird mod conflicts with AAI Industry and BottleNeck Lite, where they just don't accept my mod adding a resource category to my mining drill if it doesn't exist already within the Prototype/ResourceCategory table, causing a fail to load. It can get even worse if various mods are uninstalled and reinstalled. I don't like that, so I figured that maybe it would help to check if data.raw["resource-category"] contains any of the names from the new list, then add the existing ones to the mining drill while ignoring anything non-existent, but for some reason I just can't make it work.
So for now I don't check, but simply add whatever is written in the text-field (parsing it to a list with string values) to both the mining drill and the category list, whether they are used for anything or not. It works fine, seems to tolerate bad input and it resolves the above issues somehow. But it is something I want to improve on, since it feels like a hack.
I will have to research other mods and see if they have a solution.