TLDR : all these mods i mentioned (including this one) now work again,
causing no problems when starting factorio, after some were updated and ALL are enabled again.
more detailed: after disabling all those 23 mods and restarting factorio successfully, i could read the vanilla changelog and saw that the gui was changed (in 0.18.13) during the above mentioned updates. a few hours later, 4 of those 23 mods (and 15 others that were only installed and not enabled) were updated and i tried again: now, even after enabling ALL those 23 mods again, factorio starts properly again!
thus i conclude (guess :-) that the prime reason for the problem was some mod's reaction to the gui changes in vanilla, and secondary that that mod somehow made all those other mods show problems with the prototypes in some kind of chain reaction.
just for info in case anybody wants to investigate further: these four mods were AutoTrash (5.0.2 to 5.1.0), Industrial Display Plates (1.0.4 to 1.0.5), LTN Combinator (0.6.0 to 0.6.1), and helmod (0.10.10 to 0.10.11).