I've made a preliminary step towards this, by implementing an maximum size limit on asteroids, though at the moment, this applies to all enabled planets and routes equally. I should be able to do this on a per-planet basis, but haven't yet decided on how to implement that (via settings).
The way it is now, the maximum size limit is set up as a cap that converts any asteroids above the limit (on enabled planets and routes) to the limit itself. The allowed values range from harmless, small, medium, and big, and makes sense as a global setting.
On an individual planet basis however.. not every planet has all of these sizes, so seeing "big", for example, as an allowed setting for vulcanus or fulgora, wouldn't make any sense, because these planets only spawn mediums by default. They would make even less sense on nauvis (or whatever starter planet was picked), since these can only spawn harmless asteroids anyways, so shouldn't really have any options.